Philosophical Foundation

Philosophical Foundations

	Main Concepts	Aim of Education	Role of Teachers	Methodology and or Strategy in Education
Original Philosophy Realism	-          Realism holds reality, knowledge and value exist independent of the human mind. -          For the realist, matter is real. The most important concept of realism is the thesis of independence.	The aim of education is to provide the student with essential knowledge he will need to survive in the natural world.	Teacher should present material in a systematic, organized way and teach that there are clearly defined criteria for making judgements in art, economics, politics, etc.	-          Need to study nature systematically -          Deductive reasoning (the truth is derived from generalizations) -          Lecture and other formal methods of teaching
Original Philosophy Idealism	-          Is a philosophical theory that maintains the real is of the nature of thought or that the object of external perceptions consist of ideas -          It asserts that reality is composed of thought related to mind and ideas and that matter is mainly by product of its working. (mind is real and matter is appearance)	-          Develop the mind -          Search for true ideas -          Character development -          Self – realization -          True education is concerned with ideas rather than matter. -          The idealist wants to give students a broad understanding of the world in which they live.	-          The idealist teacher should be conversant with a variety of method. -          The teacher must be excellent mentally and morally in personal and convictions. -          The teacher should see his role in assisting the learner to realize the fullness of his own personality.	-          Study the classics for universal truth -          Dialectic (critical discussion) -          Lecture is used to transmit known truths and to stimulate thinking -          Questioning (Socratic  method)
Original Philosophy Pragmatism Experimentation Empiricism	-          It asserts that the test of truth lies in its practical consequences and that the purpose of thinking is to arrive at a general purpose of conduct. -          If a philosophy of education is put into practice and it produces beneficial results, then it is good and true and it must be adopted.	Are emergent and subject to change from time to time 1.       Social efficiency 2.       More & more education & continued growth 3.       Adaptation to environment 4.       Harmonious development	-          The teacher should consider the needs and interests of students in the teaching – learning process. -          Education should be action oriented	-          Solving problems /  Problem Solving (real – life situations) -          Experimentation -          Hands - on

Philosophical Foundations

	Main Concepts	Aim of Education	Role of Teachers	Methodology and or Strategy in Education
Traditional / Conservative Philosophy Perennialism	-          It is an educational theory that is greatly influenced by the principles of realism. -          It has a conservative view of human nature and education. -          Perennialists contend that truth is universal and unchanging, and, therefore, a good education is also universal and constant.	-          Emphasis on learning for learning’s sake -          To ensure that students acquire understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization -          These ideas have the potential for solving problems in any era	-          The teacher must be one who has mastered discipline, who is a master teacher in terms of guiding truth, and whose character is beyond reproach. -          The teacher is to be viewed as authority and his expertise not to be questioned.	-          Teacher-  centered -          Teach them scientific reasoning not facts -          Reading and discussion of great works -          Teach them  liberal topics not vocational topics
Traditional / Conservative Philosophy Essentialism Traditionalism Conservatism	-          Essentialists believe that there is a common core of knowledge that needs to be transmitted to students in a systematic, disciplined way. -          The emphasis in this conservative perspective is on intellectual and moral standards that schools should teach.	-          To prepare students to be productive, contributing members of the society. -          To teach the young, the essentials they need to live well in the modern world.	-          Help students keep their non – productive instincts in check, such as aggression or mindedness. -          They try to embed traditional moral values and virtues. -          They serve as an intellectual and moral role model for the students.	-          Methods of systematic analysis and systematic synthesis -          “traditional” or “back to the basics” approach (3R’s)

	Main Concepts	Aim of Education	Role of Teachers	Methodology and or Strategy in Education
Contemporary Philosophy	-          It stressed the view that all learning should center on the child’s interest and needs. -          It should develop “technology literacy” in order to function in the world specially in today’s society	-          The aim of progressive education is to meet the needs of a growing child. -          The school should be a pleasant place for learning	-          Facilitator -          Resource Person -          Leader -          Co - inquirer	-          Learning by Doing -          Collaborative / Cooperative Learning -          Student – centered activity
Experimentalism Existentialism	-          Is a philosophy of man as a living individual -          It is a modern movement encompassing a variety of themes, that man has absolute freedom of choice but there is no rational criteria serving as a basis for choice. -          Existentialists are concerned with how these things are educationally significant within lived experiences of individuals.	-          Develop awareness about the freedom of choice and the meaning and responsibility for one’s choice. -          Emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual -          Self - discovery	-          Teacher should understand their own “lived world” and help students to understand their world. -          The role of a teacher is intensely personal	-          Experience is the best teaching -          Multiple Intelligences (MI) -          Differentiated Instructions